A
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Arum Lily
Zantedeschia aethiopica
Description
Creamy-white, hood-shaped flower with a yellow spadix. Arrow-shaped leaves. Can grow to nearly 1m (3ft) tall. Flowers May - June
Symptoms
Entire plant is toxic. Nausea and vomiting
Animals Mainly Affected
All
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B
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Black Locust
Robinia pseudoacacia
Description
Tree with blackish bark. Leaves usually have short thorns at the base. White flowers trailing for 8-20cm.
Symptoms
Bark, leaves and seeds are toxic. Causes staggering and paralysis.
Animals Mainly Affected
Horses, cattle, poultry, sheep, goats
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Black locust - J. Samanek, Bugwood.org
Black locust flowers - J. Samanek, Bugwood.org |
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Bracken
Pteridium aquilinum
Description
Large green triangular fronds. Widespread and invasive
Symptoms
Entire plant is toxic, even when dry.Blood loss, ulceration, blindness in ruminants – staggering, weight loss, constipation in horses, jaw tumours in sheep.
Sheep and cattle normally avoid it.
Animals Mainly Affected
Horses, sheep, cattle, pigs
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Bracken - C. Evans, Bugwood.org
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C
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Cocklebur
Xanthium strumarium
Description
Tall plant with spiky leaves – seedlings have smooth leaves and so palatable.
50-120cm tall – flowers July – September
Symptoms
Seedlings and seeds toxic. Causes depression, vomiting and weakness. Death can be rapid.
Animals Mainly Affected
Cattle, pigs
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Cocklebur sappling - J. D. Byrd, Bugwood.org
Cocklebur - F.&K. Starr, Bugwood.org
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Creeping Buttercup
Ranunculus repens
Description
Small yellow flowers – same as normal buttercup, but with runners
Symptoms
Entire plant is toxic. Poison strongest when plant is flowering. Can severely injure digestive system (inflamation, diarrhoea) and can cause dermatitis.
Animals Mainly Affected
Grazing animals
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Creeping buttercup - R. Old, Bugwood.org
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D
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Deadly Nightshade
Atropa belladonna
Description
2-5 ft tall with branched stems. Large dull purple flowers in June – August. Purple to black berries. Very rare.
Symptoms
Entire plant is toxic. Causes intense digestive disturbances, dilated pupils, inflamed mucus membranes, nervous excitement, inability to stand.
Animals Mainly Affected
Sheep, horses, goats
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E
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Elderberry
Sambucus nigra
Description
Shrub or small tree – clusters or small white or cream flowers in Spring, followed by umbrella shaped clusters of berries (red-black).
Symptoms
Leaves, stems, roots, unripe berries are toxic.Nausea, vomiting & diarrhoea.
Animals Mainly Affected
Cattle, goats
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Elderberry - T. Webster, Bugwood.org
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F
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Foxglove
Digitalis purpurea
Description
Tall plant with bell-shaped flowers – can grow to 1.5m.
Symptoms
Entire plant is toxic. Cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract affected.
Animals Mainly Affected
All
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Foxglove - G. Wojciech, Bugwood.org
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H
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Hemlock
Conium maculatum
Description
Tall plant – up to 2m, with white flowers. Purple blotches on light-green stems, unpleasant smell when bruised.
Symptoms
Very dangerous even in small doses – death within hours. Causes, trembling, salivation, weakness. Can also cause birth defects.
Animals Mainly Affected
All
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Hemlock - S. Dewey, Bugwood.org
Hemlock flowers - J. D. Byrd, Bugwood.org
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Henbane
Hyoscyamus niger (black) / albus (white)
Description
Large yellow and purple flowers in June – August. – can grow to 31 inches tall. White hairs on stems and unpleasant smell. Common in coastal locations.
Symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, trembling, possible blindness. Also toxic in hay when dried. Poisonings are rare due to the unpleasant smell.
Animals Mainly Affected
Cattle, horses, sheep, pigs
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Henbane - M. E. Harte, Bugwood.org
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Honeysuckle
Lonicera periclymenum
Description
Climbing plant with cream and pink scented flowers.
Symptoms
Plant and berries toxic. Can produce severe vomiting, diarrhoea and lethargy.
Animals Mainly Affected
Sheep
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I
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Ivy
Hedera helix
Description
Climbing plant with glossy evergreen leaves.
Symptoms
Entire plant is toxic, but berries are more toxic than leaves. Causes vomiting, diarrhoea, muscular spasms and paralysis.
Animals Mainly Affected
All
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Ivy - J. H. Miller, Bugwood.org |
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L
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Laburnum
Laburnum anagyroides
Description
Small tree with long chains of pea-like yellow flowers in May - June.
Symptoms
Entire tree is toxic. Abdominal & muscular pain, salivation and diarrhoea.
Animals Mainly Affected
All
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Larkspur
Consolida ajacis
Description
Tall plant with blue flowers at the top – 25-60cm tall.
Symptoms
Young plants and seeds are toxic. Causes digestive upset, nervousness, depression, breathing difficulties, abdominal pain, musular spasms, difficulty standing and can affect the cardiovascular system. Can also cause dermatitis. Very common in USA.
Animals Mainly Affected
Sheep, cattle, cats
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Lesser Celandine
Ranunculus ficaria
Description
Small yellow flowers found on banks and hedgerows in early spring – very common – flowers February to May
Symptoms
Causes skin irritation
Animals Mainly Affected
Sheep, horses, cattle
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Lesser celandine - L. J. Mehrhoff, Bugwood.org
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M
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Marsh Marigold
Caltha palustris
Description
Yellow flowers in Spring and early summer. Large kidney-shaped dark green leaves. Found in wet, boggy land.
Symptoms
Irritating for animal and can cause blisters. Toxins lost by drying, so not toxic in hay. Toxic if eaten – diarrhoea, colic, occassionally blindness and death if large quantities eaten.
Animals Mainly Affected
Sheep, horses, cattle
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Marsh marigold - J. O'Brien, Bugwood.org
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Monkshood (Wolfsbane)
Aconitum variegatum
Description
Dark green leaves arranged alternately along the stem. Tall plant topped with blue, purple, white, yellow or pink hooded flowers with multiple stamen.
Symptoms
Entire plant is very toxic (but rare).
Causes colic, paralysis and repiratory problems – death can be sudden.
Animals Mainly Affected
Cattle, goats, horses
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O
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Oak
Quercus robur
Description
Large deciduous tree with dark green serrated leaves.
Symptoms
Leaves and acorns toxic.
Symptoms can include constipation, blood stained faeces, weakness and staggering, slow heart beat, watery eyes and damage to the kidneys in severe cases.
Animals Mainly Affected
Sheep, horses
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Oak - G. Wojciech, Bugwood.org
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R
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Ragwort
Senecio jacobaea
Description
Tall plant with clusters of small yellow flowers – 30-100cm tall
Symptoms
Entire plant is toxic. Also toxic in hay once dried. Causes liver damage, kidney failure, slow death. Dispose of plant by digging up and burning.
Animals Mainly Affected
Most animals, mainly: sheep, horses, cattle, dogs
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Ragwort - R. Old, Bugwood.org
Ragwort flowers - R. Old, Bugwood.org
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Rhododendron
Rhododendron ponticum
Description
Shrubs or trees, ranging from 30cm to 30m tall. Large dark green leathery leaves with clusters of large rosette style flowers.
Symptoms
Hypotension and respiratory depression, excessive salivation, abdominal pain and staggering.Unpalatable to most grazing animals.
Animals Mainly Affected
Cattle, sheep
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W
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Wood Anemone
Anemone nemorosa
Description
Small, white flowers with yellow stamens.
Found in woodland in Spring.
Symptoms
Gastrointestinal irritation
Animals Mainly Affected
Sheep
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Wood anemone -G. Wojciech, Bugwood.org
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Woody Nightshade
Solanum dulcamara
Description
Common inhedgerows. Purple flowers with yellow centres – flowers June - September.
Symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, nervous excitement, rapid pulse and respirartion, dilated pupils, staggering.
Animals Mainly Affected
Sheep, horses
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Woody nightshade - D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org
Woody nightshade berries - J. Cardina, Bugwood.org
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Y
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Yew
Taxus baccata
Description
Dense, evergreen tree with red berries – UK native.
Symptoms
Berries and foliage toxic. Mainly kills farm animals in winter. Causes digestive distubances, dizziness, abdominal cramping, salivation and vomiting. Death can be sudden with no symptoms.
Animals Mainly Affected
Mainly farm animals, horses
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Yew - C. Evans, Bugwood.org
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